Leipzig

• Encyclopædia Britannica

The Brockhaus Enzyklopädie (Encyclopedia) is the most famous reference work in German language and was published by the publishing house F.A. Brockhaus until 2009. After more than 200 years, distribution of the Brockhaus Enzyklopädie was discontinued in 2014, since when it has been published exclusively as online-edition.

• Duden Wörterbuch
• Oxford English Dictionary

The Deutsches Wörterbuch (DWB) is the largest and most comprehensive dictionary of the German language with word meanings and references. The DWB was started by the brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm in 1838, and finished in 1961, after 123 years. A total of 32 volumes were produced. The revision began at the same time as the work on the first edition was completed. An online version of the DWB (Der Digitale Grimm) has been accessible since June 2002.

• Deutsches Wörterbuch

The Duden is a dictionary of the German language, and has long been the prescriptive source of German regarding grammar and spelling. It was first published by Konrad Duden in 1880, with regular updates every four or five years. The current edition published in 2020 is the 28th. The Duden dictionary is also available online.

• Deutsches Wörterbuch

The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is widely regarded as the accepted authority on the English language, i.e. on the meaning, history, and pronunciation of more than 600,000 words. The OED is a historical dictionary and traces back the historical development of the English language and its many variations, and describes the usage of individual words. Work on the OED began in 1857. The first electronic version of the dictionary was made available in 1989 and an online version in 2000.